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The Romanian Social Democratic Party ((ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Partidul Social Democrat Român), or , PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. In the early 1920s, the Socialist Party of Romania split over the issue of affiliation with the Third International. The majority, which supported affiliation, evolved into the Communist Party of Romania in 1921, while the members who opposed the new orientation formed various political groupings, eventually reorganizing under a central leadership in 1927. From 1938 to 1944, the party was outlawed but remained active in clandestinity. After 1944, it allied with the Communists and eventually reunited with them to form the ''Romanian Workers' Party'' in 1948. It published the magazines ''Socialismul'', ''Lumea Nouă'', and ''Libertatea''. After the end of the Communist single-party system in 1989, a group of former members created a new party which proclaimed itself the direct descendent of the PSD. ==Foundation and World War II== The first organized party of the Romanian socialists, Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party was founded in 1893, but was disbanded by the end of the decade after conflicts between the bourgeois leaders, who considered democratic reforms were possible only in alliance with the National Liberal Party, and the proletarian leaders and members, who wanted to continue as a strictly working class party. Lacking material means and organisational experience, the Marxists were only able to re-organise a socialist party in 1910, when the Social Democratic Party of Romania was founded. Outlawed during World War I, the party re-emerged in 1918 with a revolutionary programme, rebranding itself as the Socialist Party of Romania. As following the war Romania acquired a large extent of new territories, the socialists toned down their objectives in order to accommodate the more reformist-minded Social Democratic Party of Transylvania and Banat and Social Democratic Party of Bukovina. Despite successive declarations in favour of uniting the three parties under a single central leadership, this objective was never completed, as the revolutionary and reformist factions came into open conflict. Unity projects where shattered after the social democrats, including most members of the Bukovina party, an important part of the Transylvanian party, and a minority in old Romania, broke from the party in February 1921, the moment it became clear that the communist faction had gained a majority in the central leadership. The majority of the PSD became increasingly favorable to the Bolshevik option, reforming itself as the Communist Party of Romania (''PCdR'', later ''PCR''), in May 1921. A minority wing formed the Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania, which reformed as the ''Social Democratic Party'' in May 1927 and affiliated with the . The leader of the PSD in the following period was Constantin Titel Petrescu. The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.〔Kowalski, Werner. ''(Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 - 19 )''. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 321〕 Beginning with the late 1920s several groups left the party dissatisfied with what they perceived as the turn of the PSDR leadership to right-wing politics. Such groups included the Socialist Workers Party of Romania, founded in 1928 by a group around Leon Ghelerter (joined in 1931 by former communist leader Gheorghe Cristescu), and the Socialist Party (''Partidul Socialist'') created in 1933 by a group around Constantin Popovici. Shortly after the latter's creation, the factions joined to form the Unitary Socialist Party, only to split again in 1935. Banned in 1938 by the personal dictatorship of King Carol II, the PSD remained active in clandestinity, peacefully resisting to the rise of Fascism, condemning the Iron Guard and the National Legionary State proclaimed in 1940. With the ascendancy of Ion Antonescu and Romania's participation in World War II alongside the Axis Powers (''see Romania during World War II''), the PSD, who remained favourable to the Allies, joined King Michael and other political groups in passive resistance to the regime, becoming part of a clandestine ''National Democratic Bloc'' which included the National Peasants' Party, the National Liberals, and the Soviet Union-backed Communists. In 1944, the PCR and the PSD formed a Singular Workers' Front (''Frontul Unic Muncitoresc''), which was meant to coordinate actions from the Left. The united fronts succeeded in overthrowing Antonescu's government on August 23, and backed the government of Constantin Sănătescu which declared war on the Axis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–48)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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